Which of the following represents an external validation of a teacher’s qualifications?

Teacher certification represents an external validation of a teacher's qualifications as it is typically administered by a regulatory body or government agency. This certification process ensures that teachers meet specific educational standards and competencies that are recognized outside of the individual school or district. It usually involves a series of assessments and requires candidates to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in pedagogy and content areas.

In contrast, in-service training and professional workshops are forms of continued education specific to the teacher's ongoing development and may not be standardized across different institutions. While useful for improving teaching practices, these are often internally regulated by the respective educational institutions or organizations rather than by an external body. Peer observation, while valuable for professional growth, relies on mutual assessment among colleagues and does not carry the same external validation as certification, since it is based on internal evaluation rather than an objective, formal process sanctioned by an authority.